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WHAT ARE VALUES? TALES TO EDUCATE

Values \u200b\u200bare powerful tools that help shape the lives of children from different socioeconomic strata, ethnic and family. They have a great impact on young people of all communities, from rural areas and small towns to the suburbs and cities.
The instilling values \u200b\u200bis an ongoing process and not a one-time program. Parents and others can begin to instill values \u200b\u200bwhen their children are young, continue the process through the primary, secondary, and go beyond.
Children need to hear again and again, what is expected of them at home, at school, community and the media. Each has an important role to play, everyone is on the computer. Everyone has a stake in the outcome. For example: Giving
seat to an older person, to appreciate the fact that someone give them thanks, making the first move for reconciliation after a fight ... Why today's children find it so hard all this? Perhaps because the adults will talk a lot about values \u200b\u200brather than show them by our example and explain in an understandable for them. We would like to undertake your journey well-equipped, having learned from us, among other things, values \u200b\u200bsuch as honesty, pacifism and tolerance. To that this education is not only good intentions, we must integrate it into everyday life in a concrete, practical and simple.

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"The Great Hall of the Lie" , "The fairy ugly" , "The sword of peace" or "The lazy bird"

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SECURITIES SECURITIES IN CHILDREN OF TODAY

WILL LEARN or acquired?

Today the role of schools in shaping students' values \u200b\u200bis overvalued. Society and the government blamed a frivolous manner and thoughtless to educational institutions to be responsible for the decline of the values \u200b\u200bof students who have a responsibility to educate. However, society as a whole and the poor performance and poor performance of governments, are largely those who have contributed to the decline of values \u200b\u200bin today's children. The erroneous idea that through theoretical lessons can instill values \u200b\u200bin the classroom lacks a solid foundation, and is only an easy way to transfer the inherent responsibility of parents and families to schools and teachers.
In the course of history, development and survival of societies is based on the retention and transfer knowledge, beliefs and behaviors that identify and bind together the members of the group, tribe or people, which guarantees its permanence over time. All these elements make up the wisdom and idiosyncrasies of the people, in this context, undoubtedly, the values \u200b\u200brepresent the cornerstone of society and are therefore older than education, formal or informal. In this vein, the nuclei of the corporations, which are primarily responsible for ensuring the transfer of knowledge, beliefs, and above all the codes of conduct and behavior of social groups are the families.
Over time, accumulation knowledge and population growth, forcing companies to concentrate knowledge and the development and monitoring of the rules of conduct in formal institutions such as schools or institutes of education, on one side and the other institutions for promulgating laws and law enforcement. However, with respect to values, the core to preserve and transfer has been and remains the family, which is holding the basic responsibility of ensuring that each of the new members of the family like to endorse the standards of conduct that will ensure their successful integration into society, it is within the breast family where children and young people live in the first instance and therefore acquire the values \u200b\u200band family patterns of behavior later repeated in the social nucleus in which they operate.
Today, this basic responsibility has sought to shift exclusively to educational institutions, based on the premise that the best way to instill and promote values, through its theoretical, whether talking about them and lists the advantages offers to a society where every one of its members is conducted under the same or by the fact memorize each of them. Unfortunately, in reality, this assumption is wrong and in some cases, far from contributing to children and young people achieve ownership of these values, away from them, in some cases they are irrelevant because foreign and sometimes even contrary to the values \u200b\u200bthey have acquired and daily living within family and social environment. In conclusion, the school can only help strengthen and enrich the individual's own values, those that have been purchased and have been nurtured in the family and can not be responsible for the transfer or teaching them lessons through or examples that are no meaningful to the learner.

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Tips for Parents on how to instill values. VALUES EDUCATION

The first step to becoming a father who instilled values, is paying more attention to the things their children need to grow healthy.
Talk about values, limitations and expectations that you would like to perpetuate through their children.
feeding their own values. Spend time with people who support them, use your time wisely and try to shape their own values \u200b\u200bin their lives.
regularly do things with their children, including projects where you live, recreational activities and service projects. From time to time, let your child or teenager choose the activities they can do together as a family.
Introduce your children to other responsible persons in your neighborhood, workplace, social group or religious group. Let him know these people, you want them to know their children, because it is important that children receive as much support from others.
Try to eat together as a family as much as possible. The more you do this, the better the outcomes for all.
Choose a service project to do together, such as par cans recycled together.
Contáctense with other parents and learn from them. Talk about the joys and challenges of parenting. Do not forget to make a positive comment about you and your children or adolescents.
If you are concerned about their ability to be a parent or your spouse / partner, or the possibility of violence and aggression within the family, seek advice from a trusted professional such as a counselor, religious leader or doctor.
Be a friend and an example to assess for the friends of their children. Allow yourself to be "good enough." Nobody is perfect and that's fine. Take a deep breath once in a while and let us recall that you are doing the best we can.

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Each child is a unique human being original and unique, the most perfect and beautiful product of nature. Also, due to environmental influences, it becomes the product of the culture in which it operates.
In the civilized world, especially in urban areas, training of the child or the child develops differently as provided by nature. The satisfaction of their existence depends on their person and the surrounding environment, and the external environment must be favorable so that does not threaten their security or hinder their need satisfaction.
Education should respect and enhance the individuality of the child or the child, but given that it is not an isolated individual but a social subject in a community is born and grows and evolves to independence based on the quality of human relations that it establishes.
The child has sociable from birth, is designed for living. As it grows will be able to assume responsibilities as a member of society and to bring originality to it, never to be confused with selfishness capricious.
Based on this premise, knowing that the child at birth does not know the roles, rules, guidelines and moral and social values \u200b\u200bof their community, educational agents we become facilitators of experiences and relationships that facilitate progressive social maturity .
We can define a value as a real element, desirable objective and appropriate human being who internalized through individual experience and becomes a moral standard of conduct.
The person, through their experience selects and endorses choose a value system that helps you develop a moral conscience and individual committing itself to organize their behavior by taking them into practice.
Education, is charged with a moral content that offers a guide to conduct the child or the child from infancy to promote inner maturity necessary to acquire a moral conscience autonomously.
The small or small in the early stages of development, open to knowledge of self, the world around him and people around them, ie education influenced by the environment in which it operates. This environment should provide role models and positive values \u200b\u200baccepted by the community, helping to move away from negative values, and other destructive forces.
's always good to remember Article 2 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 10 December 1948 which offers a universal vision of the values:
"Education shall be directed to the full development of human personality and strengthening the respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations and all groups or religions and promote the development of the activities of United Nations peacekeeping. "

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EARLY EDUCATION IN SECURITIES

Clearly education is above all an inner journey whose stages correspond to constant maturity of personality. Maturation in which we will acquire and consolidate knowledge and attitudes on which to base our behavior and actions.
Similarly is basic learning to live together, which is essential for education from early childhood the rules that govern or should govern, this coexistence. The Early Education can say is that aimed at developing the personality, and values \u200b\u200bthat allow us coexistence, to the maximum extent possible.
The key achievements of personality development in early childhood education involve the formation of self and of undoubted subordination and hierarchy of motives. With this the boy and girl take on a fairly stable inner world, allowing them an active and conscious participation in the world around them and print a certain tendency to all his actions.
The fundamental condition to speak of a formation of personality in this age is that their behavior can be expected, which implies a direction of behavior. The focus of this training is the observance of rules of behavior that are socially accepted norms that children treated in their activities and communication with adults and the surrounding world, and allow them to regulate their conduct so far more effective than later in
From this point of view, values \u200b\u200bare formed in the process of individual development from its earliest stages. In this conception
values \u200b\u200bare infinite, in the sense that reality is infinite. This means that engaging in actions that cover a range of important aspects of reality, are laying the groundwork for the formation of multiple values. In Focus "Child's overall" establishing the premises of the various specific values \u200b\u200bthat will characterize the adult human being, without being able to pretend to speak of specific values \u200b\u200bin such tender ages.
formation in early education settings should be in the same way they shape the habits, skills, knowledge and capabilities through the same processes and educational processes, SO THIS IS GLOBAL. We concentrate on a number of values \u200b\u200buniversally accepted by all cultural backgrounds, treat them with breadth and depth, and through them, you can globalize those who most consider each culture. In the early years
values \u200b\u200bof life, like everything else in the child, have a global approach, as is the case with the concepts, standards, concepts, skills, abilities and other psychological formations, because the activity of the child and the child in these ages has a broad-based. Only at the end of the preschool is that it begins to pose a differentiation of these values, to the extent that affective and cognitive development allows knowledge and experience more of the surrounding reality.
as such value is known, learn and choose the actions of everyday life, for the behaviors that children treated and those observed in adults, and training can occur spontaneously, or go pedagogically. The latter ensures that the individual value matches what is the norm or social value.

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The delicate skin of newborns

Overall the main difference in the skin of a newborn with an adult are:

The newborn's skin is thinner, less amount of hair, the bonds between the layers are weaker, which will conditions increased susceptibility to bacterial infections as well as trauma. It also produces less secretion by sebaceous glands, and this increased vascular reactivity. Although more susceptible against external irritants, but has less reactivity to contact allergens.

normal situations in the skin of newborn mothers should know not to panic.

The period of first 28 days is a period of adaptation, considered normal reactions but also other pathological sometimes confused. Let's start

situations are normal and require no treatment. Among them the most important are:
vernix caseosa.
Just at the moment of birth children are born covered with a whitish gray and oily substance that coats the skin, is believed to be a mechanical protection in the uterus and is also assigned a role against infection.

Lanugo
A fine hair, soft and slightly pigmented covering the back, shoulders and face. Disappears in the first weeks and replaced by terminal hair and hair on the scalp.

Peeling skin
is seen in most normal newborns, is thin and discreet, localized or generalized. Begins after the day and a half old and is maximal at 8 days. Disappears spontaneously within two to three weeks. If in the time of birth is not normal and may indicate a nutritional disorder in the uterus or some other illness onset of jaundice

:
observed in 6 of 10 term infants and more frequently in the premature Yellow is the color of skin and whites of the eyes, usually starts the second day of life, reaches its peak on the fourth day and disappears spontaneously and gradually between 10 and 15.La early jaundice or means that normal condition and should be studied. In the case of jaundice is more premature ejaculation, is higher and takes longer to disappear.

The so-called Mongolian spot
macula is a spot or blue-gray and of variable size, which has no clear explanation. Is usually the low back but you can see on other sites., Is common in our Latin race. In most cases goes away about two years.

newborn Millium
The clogging of the sebaceous glands are true micropapules located in the back yellow nose, forehead, cheeks and upper lip of the term newborn. Resolve spontaneously within a few weeks.

miniature puberty Call:
occur similar to those seen in puberty due to maternal and placental hormones. In children there is pigmentation of the scrotum and the linea alba. In the little girl, enlargement of the labia with creamy white vaginal discharge, bleeding times. In both sexes can be turgid and mammary gland secretion.

Phenomena vasomotor instability:
Immaturity of the brain centers allows a series of demonstrations. The skin at birth has a more pronounced reddish-purple on the extremities, this changes quickly to a pink, safe in the hands, feet and lips where the transition is more gradual. Here's what stands out most is the tendency to put more purple hands and feet or so-called cutis marmorata

The current condition and may not always mean disease but is easily confused:

toxic erythema: Is the rash
more frequent, seen in 20 to 60% of term infants, is rare in infants. No cause is known, begins between 24 to 72 hours, has four types of injuries, in combination and variable number: macular or red spots, bumps and rashes are applying. Go away without treatment, spontaneously between 7 and 10 days. And do not undertake plants or palms. In general the diagnosis is simple but requires the presence of pustules in the differentiation of an added infection.

Miliaria:
vesicular rash is a result of obstruction of ducts by plugs. The retention of sweat is common especially in infants. Is presented in two forms, the crystal clear vesicles or prickly heat 1 to 2 mm as true surface and dew Miliaria Rubra, more often characterized by small papules, reddish papules and small vesicles. Usually located in the folds, neck, underarms, face, back height and surface of the arms. The treatment is to avoid excessive heat and humidity, should wear light and frequent bathing

The Millium
This time it's products as sebaceous material retention within the pilo sebaceous unit. Small pearly papules are 1 to 2 mm in diameter, white or yellowish, firm located in cheek, nose, chin and forehead, sparse or numerous. If the Marines are located in the swelled or midline of the hard palate as different names Ebstein beads. Disappear spontaneously during the first month. Is almost half the infants.

neonatal acne:
is a polymorphous eruption with comedones, Paula and pustules located mainly on the cheeks. Is between 20 to 50% of children around the month of age., It is usually mild. Usually no history of acne in the family and tend to develop at puberty. Disappear spontaneously in a few months and the scars are exceptional. One thinks of maternal transfer of androgenic hormones ..

seborrheic dermatitis:
is a self-limited, benign, of unknown cause affecting seborrheic areas. Appears between the second and decides week, characterized by areas of erythema with peeling yellow oily salmon in the scalp, face, areas of the folds, and the navel. In the scalp can be a sticky yellow crust called cradle cap. Disappears spontaneously during the first year. False

ingrown toenail:
At birth the nail can be cut on a digital pad developed, often seen in infants. Corrected without treatment during the first year

newborn vascular lesions
The doctor examining a newborn should have some caution, it is preferable not venture a diagnosis or prognosis because not everything that looks like a salmon patch is just that.

vascular malformations such as nevus flammeus and hemangioma in its early stages may look identical, but the prognosis is quite different. Hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors in infants, the incidence is about 2% in term infants and slightly higher in premature babies. 70% is present at birth and the rest are between 2 and 4 weeks. Grow and regress to the lifetime, so their regular monitoring is necessary, the peri-orificial location and rapid growth are urgent dermatological management.

Instead vascular malformations are a group of lesions that are characterized by being present at birth in 95% of cases grow with the child and not regress during life. To mention only the hair that stands out among flammeus nevus is the most common, which appears as a pink macule or patch, net edges, located anywhere in the body, in the face is usually unilateral and asymmetric, which allowed differentiation of the stain salmon. There should be called port-wine stain because it is a malformation and not a tumor.

Moon in the newborn:
The congenital melanocytic nevus or mole is a brown pigmented lesion dark or black and sometimes very long. 1% of newborns have this type of mole or nevus. There is an arbitrary classification according to size: small if less than 1.5 cm, medium if it is 1.5 cm to 20 cm and giant if over that size.

There is also a mole or nevus sebaceous (Jadassohn), a plate of salmon-yellow color usually only located most commonly in the head. In the scalp is round or oval, of variable diameter and hairless, in the face can be linear. Just need to watch as at puberty may have some risk of malignant transformation.

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Overweight children

concern is the high number of children in our country show a clear overweight. Of this, a minority are obese may suffer some kind of metabolic disease that determines the accumulation of fat. By contrast the remaining majority of these children are obese, that is, that overweight has been determined primarily by psychological factors, family or cultural. Both

corresponding to one group or the other, are showing a little upset, and it is advisable to naturally remedy soon.

to reply to your most important questions about obesity.

why obesity occurs?

A person becomes obese when they eat more calories than you expend. Those calories add up, in the form of fat in cells called adipocytes. There are obese have overcrowded cells (hypertrophic obesity), and others who have more amount of fat cells than normal, leading to obesity called hyperplasia.

Can you increase the number of adipocytes in a child?

In some periods, such as early childhood and puberty, fat cells reproduce. If the child is fed improperly during these stages, there is a risk of unduly increasing the number of these cells, which favors the formation of obesity in children.

Many parents let their kids get fat if they "lose weight and when I grow up", this is obviously a serious error.

Is hereditary?

hunger and satiety Both are regulated by the hypothalamus, by chemical transmission, yet are not entirely clear these mechanisms. Appear to be inherited the amount of food they eat to feel full to eat much parents usually have children who eat more of the account as well.

In a study of twins who are separated and raised in different households, concluded that obesity is partly hereditary. This study found that most obese children have parents who are too. Thus, if both parents are normal weight, as a nine per cent of cases children are chubby, whereas if one parent outweighs the children will account for 41 percent chance to weigh more. The figure increases if both parents are obese, but in these cases the risk of obesity as high as 73 percent.

Does excess weight gain may result from a disease?

Some central nervous system lesions and certain endocrine problems such as hypothyroidism, can cause this symptom. Just as the excess of corticosteroids, whether they produced by the body or taken to combat other diseases.

The excess kilos in children is a major problem not only for its psychological consequences but also because the little "chubby" can become obese adults.

When a child is considered obese?

When weighs 10 percent more than indicate the tables as the ideal weight for age is considered overweight, and obese if he exceeds by 20 percent (or more) the amount that these tables show how the weight.

What should parents do when they discover their child weighs more than necessary?
It is advisable to go to the pediatrician and so to remedy this weight gain and prevent runoff to become a fat or in the worst cases, in an obese.

What is the treatment?

Childhood obesity is easy to correct, especially when not associated with any disease. Proper diet, that regulates the intake of sugars and fats, which are abundant in vegetables and fruits, it works. In general, it is necessary to prescribe medications to children chubby.
What physical hazards involved in obesity? Virtually none

childhood. The most serious of all is that it determines an obesity as an adult, and then carries big risks, such as heart disease.

What steps can parents take a child obese?

addition to go to the pediatrician, parents should avoid offering "fast food" (chips, cookies, candies). It is also important to play with him to move and exercise.

tricks parents
The most important help you can give parents a fat is to support and to avoid all kinds of temptations.

• not leave food in view of the child. Do not buy anything
• need to prohibit their child.
• whole family warns, so it is not eating because food has never been., No one suffers from not eating sweets, cakes, drinks etc. .. leave them for the holidays.
• if on a pancake, making it disappear from view, otherwise, it is certainly he who eats it.
• Serve small plates, they rarely ask for repetition.
• establish a fixed place to eat. Do not allow watching TV or reading.
  

A psychological system

The fat is not synonymous with health and happiness . "The popular image of happy fat" is not a myth - because most of obese children are intensely unhappy. Not only have to face ridicule and rejection from other children but also, they see themselves as something unpleasant. They get to live their fat as a kind of misfortune that has stock up when mud is that it is motivated by bad habits acquired gradually. If you get a chocolate when you are sad, fries when they fall into the square and, when bored, a piece of cake the child can confuse any unpleasant feeling of hunger. Wrong with this learning, anxiety, boredom or depression, will lead inexorably to the kitchen, where you will find a comfort inadequate.

If he thins it help. An evaluation of their eating habits: how much you eat, when, before which certain situations. In order to modify their behavior, and it is agreed with the quantity and quality of food to be eaten. Surely the child will make mistakes, but it is increasingly to reduce the number of those ".

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Sudden Infant Death

Introduction.

The sudden death (MS) in infants is one of the most tragic conditions in the family life, representing one of the most frequent causes d infant death in developed countries. Despite all the effort many aspects unknown which occurs this tragedy

How is it defined?

The sudden death (SD) infant is defined as the death of a child under one year, with history, physical examination and post-mortem evaluation revealed no known cause. Frequency



Since 1999, the MS is the third leading cause of infant death in North America, most cases being children aged between 3 and 5 months of age (90% occur before 6 months). In Chile, information about exact figures for the incidence of MS.

Why does it occur?

To date, no mechanisms have been identified to explain their cause. Have been postulated multiple theories.

In addition, most cases of MS are probably in a sequence started by a defect in the control of respiratory or cardiac center during vulnerable periods of neurological maturation. Findings

after the tragedy

MS diagnosis necessarily involves a study of autopsy. The findings are classically blue color of the skin and mucous membranes, abundant mucus in the oral and nasal cavity. Autopsies reveal the presence of food debris in the airway, which supported the theory of aspiration horn cause of MS, but it is unclear if this phenomenon would occur post-deceased
RISK FACTORS


There are numerous risk factors for MS, extrapolated from population studies., Within this group, highlights the prenatal and postnatal maternal smoking, which increases the nsk up to 3 times. There is much evidence that MS is more common in lower socioeconomic population. Foreign population studies show that 57% of mothers of children with sudden death had not completed studies and 32% were teenage mothers.

risk factors associated with sudden death while sleeping position




Males Smoking




Prematurity Low birth weight and delay
Intrauterine growth


Socioeconomic

prone sleeping position:

Prone position prone infant sleep has been linked to increased risk of MS;

The introduction of mass media campaigns promoting the supine position during sleep showed a significant reduction in the numbers of MS.

The decrease in the incidence of MS has been more than 50% since 1992 in countries where the campaign was built. New recommendations



While in 1992, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommended as safe "any position not prone" to sleep currently is no consistent evidence that states that the lateral position is equally risky to sleep in the prone position.

The risk of lateral decubitus position attributed to the possibility of turning prone during sleep. Based on the above is that the AAP in its latest recommendations only recommends supine sleep position for infants. "Supine means sleeping face up



proper mattress sleep habits, such as the use of soft surfaces, pillows and soft blankets have been associated with an increased risk of suffocation and MS

Sharing bed with parents is a topic of debate. Although studies have shown sleep patterns in infants that promote breastfeeding, reported cases of suffocation and death in infants who shared a bed with their parents have questioned this behavior.

The risk is also higher, having a history of smoking or drug abuse in parents of children.

The AAP recommends that infants under 6 months, the safest place to sleep is a crib in the same room of parents and not in the same bed with them.

pacifier use.

pacifier use as a protective factor has been supported by multiple studies, with an OR of 0.47 on average. The mechanism by which the use of pacifiers decrease the MS is not clear, it postulates a reduction to wake up. Pacifier use in this age group has not shown cause problems with breastfeeding or dental care, however, there is no consensus on its use.

Sobreabrigar the child

sobreabrigar There is some evidence that infants would be associated with greater MS, especially in children who sleep in the prone position.

more frequent in children of low birth weight

About 30% of children who died from MS weighed <2500g al nacer y tenían el antecedente de ser prematuros de menos de 37 semanas. El riesgo se hace mayor a menor peso de nacimiento < 1500g.

Relationship

vaccines present no evidence linking MS to vaccines and immunizations. There are case reports that linked the vaccine Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis with MS, however, no data to support this assertion. Relationship

breastfeeding

The association between breastfeeding and MS is unclear and not been a consensus among experts. Physiological studies show that breastfed infants have a lower threshold of wakefulness that formula-fed peers. This would support a protective effect of breastfeeding on the MS. However, epidemiological studies do not reflect this benefit, there is a reduced risk of MS or sufficient evidence in the literature to establish breastfeeding as a protective factor for MS.


INFANTICIDE AND CHILD ABUSE
First reports made in the 1970's that supported the theory of cardiorespiratory control in a family with several children with MS were found to be infanticide, after the confession 30 years after the mother of these children. It is recommended to maintain a high suspicion of infanticide in recurrent cases or doubtful. An undercover murder could be the cause of MS in 6 to 10%.

MANAGEMENT AND DISPLAY OF MONITOR

The indication of a cardiorespiratory monitor in patients with risk factors or sudden death frustrates "event or apparent threat to life (ALTE) was for many years, the mainstay of prevention a possible MS future. However, there is no evidence in the literature to support the use of a cardiorespiratory monitor for the prevention of MS.

The current AAP recommendation is for the following cases:

• Patients with ALTE or life-threatening event "
• Patients with tracheotomy or alterations of the airway that can lead to unstable air.
• infants with metabolic or neurology affecting respiratory control.
• Patients with chronic lung disease requiring oxygen therapy or home ventilation.
  

machine plus some

The recommendation of a monitor must be accompanied by teaching CPR to parents. Should be advised of the real impact of the monitor and that does not prevent MS, but allows recognition of possible risk events by parents or caregivers of patients at risk



Brothers with MS MS in the recurrence of another brother is low. Described in the literature reports a frequency of about I%, the twins have a higher risk of recurrence to 4%. The indication of a cardiorespiratory monitor in a patient's siblings died of MS is controversial. There is insufficient evidence to support this practice

Recommendations

final recommendations to prevent MS suggested by the AAP are summarized below:

1. promote supine sleep position for infants prone
2. Avoid positions and lateral
3. Prevent infants sleeping on soft surfaces
4. Avoid soft items like stuffed animals, blankets, etc. in the cradle of the infant
Suspend
5. pre-and postnatal smoking.
6. suggest that infants sleep close (in a cot) but not with parents in the same bed.
7. sobreabrigar not sleep.
8. cardiorespiratory not use the monitor as a preventive method of MS and indicate when really justified.
   

Consider using a pacifier to sleep, but not use force once the child is released.

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A fat child is a healthy child when

The first thing we note is that these concepts are outmoded and now parents, advised by the doctor, have an essential role in preventing obesity in children.

Most children presented a simple obesity that is caused by an imbalance between their physical requirements and what you eat.

rare cases of secondary disease due to other conditions such as hypothyroidism, genopatía ...

An important concept, however, is that each organism has requirements different, ie not all children need to eat the same amount. Denying, in some cases, can contribute to obesity.

Another premise is remarkable that we can not measure our love for the child by the stomach. Not so much happiness because he ate it all, nor offering candy because it is crying ...

The number of obese increases day by day. There is an undeniable influence on all media that promote consumption of various foods with high calories and little nutritional value.

There are four fundamental conditions that lead us to seriously worry about the problem of obesity and its prevention.

First, are the proven biological risks for lower fat, expressed in a deterioration and shortening of adult life with diabetes, hypertension or coronary heart disease.
There are also concrete evidence that obesity in childhood is brewing, so the pediatrician's role is crucial.

must also take into account how difficult and disappointing that it is today, although the propaganda to the contrary, an effective treatment for obesity.

Finally, this disease has increased alarmingly in our environment.

But what is obesity?

In itself not a disease but is a symptom complex due to the accumulation of fat in larger quantities than normal in the body, resulting in excessive weight.

What does childhood obesity?

The inconvenience is basically the emotional, psychological and particularly the increased risk that these kids have to become obese adults.
is estimated that two out of ten children under two years, with fat, are obese future school age, but on the other hand, only 10 percent of school children were obese chubby infants. Another

age at which future obesity is given in adolescence. In other words, seven out of ten pubescent attending this age overweight will become obese adults. At that age, pediatricians and lost the opportunity of changing habits.

What are the risks that obesity poses for adults?

There is a risk three times higher for diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular disease for people with normal weight.

also complicate respiratory diseases have a higher frequency of varicose veins, more digestive problems, especially gallstones, especially in women.

Interestingly, we recently found increased the incidence of some cancers in obese people.

Other complications include skin lesions at the folds and an increased risk for problems in the lower extremities, preferably osteoarthritis.

For all these reasons the role of the pediatrician is crucial in the prevention of obesity in the first year of life.

Obesity, is synonymous with eating too much?

has traditionally been regarded as the result of eating too much and move frequently.
The information we have now is that this is true, are factors that relate to it, but there are other factors, including genetics, which are very important the development of this disorder. Pediatrics has a great opportunity to survey this group of children in their earliest years to bring the habits necessary for a proper diet high risk group!

How is the diagnosis of this disease?

Any of us, having never studied medicine can say "this child is obese." It's up to feel the folds in the abdomen, to see the face, thighs. The naked eye has more than 80 percent of coincidence as medical diagnosis. This usually can do the family or people living with the child.

qualifies How overweight?

Doctors use the scale. It is most common. But an absolute number does not matter if it relates to the child's height. It should compare the table of weights and heights, parameters used by health services throughout the country.

The weight is variable from one person to another because tissues, as well as body fat, are different from one organism to another. Also, muscle tissue and bone are different.

A person can weigh more than his due, but if you are an athlete that overweight corresponds to muscle and not fat. It would be a mistake to call it a obese.

definitive diagnosis of the disease a physician, who through a proper assessment of fat, muscle and bone tissue can determine the percentage of overweight. And, even more, with the support of the laboratory, discard secondary diseases.

Is it the same overweight obesity?

A person is overweight when it exceeds 10 percent of weight for their height. Obese when this figure is higher than 20 percent.

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to be given milk to drink?

milk until just completed six months

The breast-fed infants need no other food before the five or six months, but sometimes the mother decides to replace before ( return to work, for example) a chest making bottles.

The most important rule is to plan for weaning time and place progressively, removing no more than a breastfeed every four or five days to allow both sides to adapt seamlessly to the new situation.

As regards the mother, this will allow the same law of supply and demand which was to increase milk production in response to the demand of the baby, now bring them back so as to empty the small left chest .

- even if you begin to replace a single dose, it is normal that at first the chest bother until the child empty to the next, only when completely free of discomfort, indicating that it has reached a new equilibrium, we may consider removing another shot, if desired.

with hunger, come

- A very hungry child worse accept any changes, hence, begin to replace the outlet that the child usually done with less interest, leaving the end of the first and last day.

- It is better to remove footage in turn, to be minor discomfort for the baby not be long without feeding as usual. For example, if the baby makes six shots and want to maintain the first and last, which is a fairly common situation working mothers in the logical order will start by eliminating the fifth, then the second, fourth and third.

If you have breast discomfort

- If during this process that produces a very uncomfortable engorgement, the mother or child, depending on circumstances, will empty the breast, but only what is necessary to make tolerable discomfort because Otherwise, milk production ceases and the situation will continue indefinitely. If the child does, with a half minutes on each breast is usually sufficient.

firm decisions

However, the most problematic part of weaning is often the reaction Baby, to overcome, it requires a balanced combination of firmness, understanding and security:

- Failure to yield and not to breastfeed until making that product, offering, without forcing, a bottle of milk.

- Do not lose the "carat" or nerves and even less angry, because the child's reaction is perfectly normal and need to check that has not changed his mother's affection.

- Be absolutely convinced that nothing will happen not to breastfeed while having a bottle around, and finally, everybody just accept it and learn that the bottle may also in abundance.

sometimes just take a spoon

If the baby's refusal made him skip a shot, the next time you should try, you can try to prepare a bottle of milk, because sometimes it is not what they reject the bottle but the taste of the new milk. In that case, the change will be even more gradual, from breast milk in this bottle and the bottle with regular milk for babies.

may also help that is not the mother who bottle-feed, so that the child does not get so nervous. Even if you accept it, you may notice less the change if it is she who is feeding him.

Source: pediatraldia.cl

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Because it is important to protect children from the sun

is especially harmful to very young children, that should always be protected from direct sunlight. The protection of children from the sun not only prevents sunburn, but also significantly reduces the risk of developing skin cancer in the future.

50% of the time in life sun exposure occurs during childhood. The air or water can cool the skin of children playing in the sun, so that is not noticed excessive exposure to sunlight.

Some children are sensitive to sunlight and can develop solar flares.

Finally, remember that the sun can reduce the effectiveness of defenses the body. This is because it is often in the early days of pool or beach, the child suffers depletion events, including fever.

How to protect children in the sun

• sun always fully protect all children with very pale skin, as they will burn easily.
• never exposed to direct sunlight and if this happens, use a sunscreen.
• Ideally, children play in the shade with light clothes, comfortable and suitable to the environment where they are, and a cap job.
• sunscreen use should never allow an increased time in the sun.
• Never use less than 20cc of sunscreen in children to apply it throughout your body.
• Remember that some sunscreens disappear on contact with water, sweat, by rubbing with towels or clothes and during the game.
• Reapply sunscreen several times while passing day in the sun.
• Protect children from sun exposure between 10:00 and 14:00, when the sun's rays are strongest.
• should stay in the shade as much as possible. Children
• they should be given a sunscreen with a high protection factor
  

"What you should know about sunscreen?

There are several ways to specify the protection factor (SPF) of a product, so remember to check which system is used when you buy a sunscreen. For example, Americans FPS numbers are usually double the SPF numbers on European products. That is, an American sunscreen with SPF 8 is, in fact, a European equivalent to an SPF 4. Always ask your pharmacist if you have any questions.

are advised to apply sunscreen several times a day consistently.

Remember that even when it is cloudy, 30-50% of ultraviolet rays can still catching up, depending on the amount of cloudiness.

How to act in case of sunburn?

Always consult a doctor if a small child or infant has sunburn, blisters, severe pain or rash after sun exposure.

calamine lotions cool sunburn.

Cool sunburned area with warm water baths (25 ° C approximately) 30 minutes to an hour.

Take care that the child is not cool.

Source: netdoctor.es

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Pediculosis in children

1 .- Why is it so hard to get rid of lice once they are installed on the scalp? How do they reproduce?

More than difficult to eliminate one could say it's very easy to get lice again and this occur frequently. Why does this happen? This happens because many times parents do not give timely notice that their children are parasites also occur due to lack of attention does not achieve a timely investigation.

When this happens, children with these parasites spread to playmates and started a whole cycle. On the other hand, often by parents ignorance is not an adequate treatment of all household members and all children likely to be infested. Thus one could postulate that many rules should start from the school itself about which are the instructions to perform.

When the female is fertilized, then starts laying. Just twenty-four hours later. And gets seven to eight eggs each day. And so for a month. And put them in the same hairline. That ensures the ideal temperature. The most striking is that these eggs will not peel off and fall, the female attaches to hair with a cement. This egg is called nits.

lays eggs at night. And each egg is attached to the hair. In total can lay between 150 and 300 eggs in its life cycle. What happens is that the hair, scratching, hair falling even make enough to decrease births.

2 .- What are lice and how are they? What is the difference between nits?

who has never seen a louse up close or not fixed in detail as it is worthwhile to submit it. The louse is an insect of elongated and flattened, no wings and is between 2 to 4 mm in length. Its general color is brown you can go from white to black depending on the amount of blood sucked and hair color of the person who has them.

has three pairs of legs with a curious peculiarity, the legs end in a kind of hooks, hooks to grab the hair or fibers.

The nits are whitish and ovoid appearance, are coated a protein structure that locks the hair, surrounding and have a sort of cap, where after ten days, the juvenile form emerges.

3 .- How are head lice spread?

The disease is spread by close contact between infected and healthy head. It is hard to see, because if it is not large displacement, the louse can move on foot, but it should be clear, the lice do not jump, and use tools such as combs, hair brushes, hats and less contact with bedding.

4 .- And when we realize that our child has lice or nits ... What should be the emergency plan? What to do? How do I remove them?

been found that the lice have pores called spiracles which on contact with water close by preventing entry of the body louse louse and therefore loses its effect.

For this reason it is recommended that the best treatment for the control head lice is the use of products that are applied to dry hair, as creams washable, avoiding the natural defense mechanism of the louse.

Make
1. treatment recommended product. As washable cream or lotion and applied to dry hair long. Do not use in pregnant women and in children under two years. Do not use if there are wounds and avoid contact with eyes. In hair dry completely cover the hair, especially in the neck and behind the ears. Allow to stand for at least 6 hours and not apply anything on the head, perhaps covered with a cap. Rinse with warm water, dry the hair and wash with shampoo 24 hours after application of the cream. Make
2. treatment to all the family.
3. Using appropriate brush to remove nits.
4. Wash clothes with warm water and elements in contact with hair.
5. give notice in the garden or school.
6. After 7 days, repeat the treatment.
7. review the child regularly for a month.
   

5 .- What is the right to use the comb?

The nits are located at the base of the hair and looking up strongly adhered to the hair also helps a lot the use of spices, will be patience, hair by hair, and the tribute to the patience, which will enable a month to register any child.

6 .- What is easier to remove: the nits (eggs) or lice?

Most head lice products are the same and also has an effect on the nits, however and is recommended for added security, use a week after the new treatment, thinking that has occurred and hatching of all eggs.
The cuticle that is highly resistant lining so it costs them out. An alternative is to slide along the hair, either manually one by one, or with the help of a fine-tooth comb. It is also good a vinegar rinse that breaks this cover being easier detachment.

7 .- Why these insects are always installed in the neck, behind the ear?

We have the idea that the invasion of head lice is very numerous. And it is not. Infected individual may have 30 or 40 lice. Nothing more. And always located in the neck area and behind the ears ... Because they lie there, not easy to explain. Perhaps because a higher temperature que tenemos en esa zona

8.- ¿Y qué podemos hacer para prevenirlos?

COMO PREVENIR EL CONTAGIO

• Evitar el uso de sombreros, peinetas, escobillas de otras personas.
• Evitar el contacto cercano (cabeza) con personas infestadas.
• Enviar los niños con el pelo amarrado o recogido al colegio.
• Los utensilios (peines, cepillos) de personas infestadas, deben ser tratados con crema lavable Pediculicida.
• Las sábanas y toallas deben ser lavados con agua caliente cuando se trata a una persona.
• Se aconseja lavado frecuente del cabello y su uso corto y recogido.
  

9.- ¿Cuáles are the objects that need to be careful of possible infection?

lice can live between 15 and 38 degrees. But die more than 40 degrees .. The louse is the only food blood sucking for long periods, it is estimated that a louse is fed from 2 to 6 times a day, so out of touch with a human being could survive only 1 to 2 days.

Nits approximately 1 mm in length, with a small lid that opens at 5 to 10 days depending on body temperature.

The louse nymph or young. Juvenile similar to adult form but smaller for a period of three weeks.

adult louse is the one that is reproduced and placed between 7 to 10 eggs a day. Adult forms last from 30 to 40 days.

can live on average between 1 to two months.

10 .- If a child is very clean and hygienic, do I still can get lice?

hygiene decreases the number of births of new lice and also the habit of early screening and treatment. But all fall equally. Not influenced by season or time of year for breeding. Hence, the louse is a parasite permanently.

Head lice affects mainly children and women, perhaps because they wear their hair longer, or because of hormonal effects are lower in fat than men.

can also affect the pH or acidity level of the body in children, this is lower, as the amount of fat.

periodic inspection The habit is a healthy habit that all mothers should be especially if they are preschoolers or elementary education.

If you normally wash your hair every day and live under certain conditions of hygiene, lice will not increase, there is a kind of balance and will not feel so much trouble., However will continue infecting others , hiding his head like an ostrich and hurting those who struggle to get rid of these annoying visitors.

11 .- If after I made the treatment of the child is lice ... Do you need a haircut?

is very rare for a well made and thoroughly treatment fails to eradicate the lice of any child, so definitely the haircut "flush" is not considered necessary.

His control is the responsibility of the whole community, especially parents and educators.
are more annoying than dangerous.

only survive on humans and can not be spread through pets
Never use chlorine bleach, paraffin or petrol, is very dangerous. Via

pediatraldia.cl

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natural childbirth or Caesarea

few years ago, cesarean section or natural birth was not a personal choice but doctors, but now this has changed and is an alternative in most cases.

Italy is the country with more caesarean sections in the world by percentage of the population in Latin America is Chile. U.S. takes third place worldwide.

Sometimes women need cesarean sections in other cases is chosen for convenience, to avoid risks and even myths. Some clinical practice more caesarean sections than others, like some doctors. Try to find out if your doctor or clinic practice high numbers of Caesarean sections.

Both procedures have advantages and disadvantages.


advantages of natural childbirth 1-When it comes to a vaginal delivery can say that most of aches and pains are for the period from birth, but in the case of caesarean section are pain after childbirth.

2-Recovery from a vaginal delivery is faster, almost immediately after delivery the woman feels well and can fit into your normal life.

3-When women have children by natural childbirth can choose to have them followed if desired.

4 - It is difficult to improve what nature gave and natural childbirth is that, the natural way of having children. Advantages

cesarean
1 - There is less risk of complications for the baby.

2 - Do you suffer from pain before birth, as this is scheduled.

3 - No surprises you when you know where and when the baby is born.

4 - vaginal area does not suffer any trauma. This is less likely to suffer from incontinence and infrequent cases of intimate problems.

Source: lindisima.com

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Tips for choosing a good daycare

is important to choose a good school that is not limited to "monitor" the children, but they provide a welcoming environment in which professionals have formed an adequate basis for their development. The school has to give confidence to families and children. If parents are satisfied with the choice will be easier for your children accept change.

All schools, both public and private, must comply with the rules of the LOGSE (Law on the General Educational System), but although most meet the standards, should visit the facility and verify that indeed the case.

How many children must have a class?
The younger the children the greater the care they need. In schools, according to the legal framework can only be:

* In the case of children under 12 months, 8 children per class.
* If you have between one and two years, 20 children per class.
* If you have three and six years, 25 children per class.

What should be in space?
The space must be comprehensive and exclusive, with independent access to the outside. For each child two square feet minimum in the rooms. A child under two years, rest areas and hygiene must be differentiated. We must also have a multipurpose room. The dining room, for example.

Is it mandatory to have a pediatrician?
not required to have a pediatrician, but it is advisable to provide this medical service which has the function of prevention.

hygienic control What? There
periodic inspections by competent authorities to verify the perfect condition of the schools that must meet the ordinance to bring existing legislation and also have adequate space for the dining room and kitchen.

The playground
For every nine classrooms, with an area of \u200b\u200bnot less than 75 square meters, all primary schools must have an outdoor patio sets, only the school.

Source: guiainfantil.com

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is the composition of breast milk

lthough the composition varies from one woman to another, from one day to another, even within the same day and same outlet as well as gestational age of the child, can be summarized the salient features of the composition as follows.
1. Content of breast milk

Low-protein (0.9 to 1.1 g/100 ml), adapted to their growth rate. The ratio of casein / serum proteins is of 10/90 at the beginning of lactation, going to 40/60 in mature milk.

contains a significant amount of non-protein nitrogen and the presence of certain amino acids essential for newborn (as phenylalanine and tyrosine).

- is also high in lactose, galactose source necessary for brain maturation, which maintains a low pH in the intestine, and that encourages the development of intestinal flora peculiar undoubted defensive benefits.

- monounsaturated fatty acid contains long-chain, higher heat output, easily absorbed, and no atherogenic effect.

abundant polyunsaturated fatty acids essential to human beings, and indispensable for the formation of large structures (brain, retina, or cell membranes among others) or for the synthesis of prostaglandins, thromboxanes and other biological substances.

- Low in minerals, and a ratio of calcium to phosphorus that promotes the absorption of calcium and facilitates bone mineralization.

- Contains sufficient vitamins and presence of enzymes and hormones.

2. What makes it unique?

- Allows achieve optimal nutritional status, prevent metabolic and digestive disorders, because the composition of the diet did not represent at any time an overload of the functional capacity of the digestive tract.

- Breast milk also supplies anti-infective and allergy protection. The anti-infective effect is because the baby receives nutrients not only for milk. Furthermore, in its composition there are a number of substances which, by different mechanisms, will provide a local defense against infectious agents (passive immunity provided by the mother), while mature mechanisms enabling it to have its own active immunity.

These substances can include lactoferrin, the protein binding of vitamin B12, folic acid binding protein, various enzymes (lactoperoxidase, lysozyme, etc.), gangliosides, oligosaccharides, antistaphylococcal factor, growth factors, etc.) nucleotides, cells with defensive properties, immunoglobulins.

this chapter may constitute greater weight to lift the breast milk of the category of "imitable" to the "unbeatable."
3. Your composition is constant or can change?
- As the requirements infant are not always the same, and vary mainly depending on the maturity at birth and postnatal age, breast milk changes its characteristics according to the child's demands, their ability to digest and metabolize the various nutrients and more or less need to take to receive passive protection, circumstances under permanent evolution.

- Breast milk is tailored to their nutritional requirements. Both the volume of milk, and quality of nutrients and other factors defensive mission, will be found in breast milk in perfect harmony with the needs required at all times.

- The volume of milk produced by mothers increases progressively from a few cubic centimeters segregated on the first day (consistent with the limited capacity of the newborn stomach at the end, that fails to exceed 30 or 35 ml., being significantly lower in the premature). This growth

reach 700 or 900 ml / day on average, women often results in a fully established lactation stage. There is already talk of outstanding productions when exceeding 1,100 ml. of milk daily.

- Breast milk adapts to the appetite. The composition of breast milk varies throughout the day and even during the course of a single shot.

- Adapts to maturity: Its quantity and its composition varies with the degree of maturity of the child.

- also adapts to the digestive and metabolic capabilities.

4. Advantages and disadvantages

- Benefits for children: For the child are almost all profit. Breastfeeding provides better digestive and metabolic status, better nutritional status, greater immune protection, reduced risk of allergic sensitization, better psychological development, fewer illnesses and infant mortality and prevention of subsequent disorders.

- for children Disadvantages: They are minimal and in exceptional cases. As we know a small percentage of infants Breastfed babies have jaundice. It is also true that the level of a protein necessary for blood to clot well (prothrombin) is lower during the first days in the breastfed baby to breast in the breast-fed artificially.

is thought that breastfeeding is a factor which, in rare cases, could promote hemorrhagic disease of the newborn, but if the first intake of food is done early in the first hours after birth, as is right, this factor has little importance.

Vitamin D may be insufficient, so it will not be forgotten supplements to infants (formula bottles have already adapted the incorporated).

Finally, there may be diseases in the newborn if lactation is insufficient or if it contains too much sodium, or contaminant.

could not breastfeed if you have congenital diseases of metabolism (phenylketonuria, tyrosinemia, galactosemia) and also the condition by the mother of some infections (HIV, active tunerculosis cavity, etc.).

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Skin Care for children and babies are the

Skincare in children

skin is defined as externally to the tissue covering the body of humans and animals.

is the largest organ and logically the most exposed to external factors are climate, clothing, water, sun lotions, powders, infections, etc. ..

also influence heredity, diseases of other organs or of the same skin, stress, and the proper care of it.

In this article our intention is to guide about the care of this noble organ.

We would also like to make a recommendation gold

"If your child has an injury or abnormal skin manifestations should be evaluated by the pediatrician or child dermatologist as there are countless types of diseases that require a appropriate diagnosis and for making this possible is essential to see and examine the patient as a whole. "

bath and your cares
Children can make the bathroom every day but it is recommended that they not be more than 25 minutes.

The water temperature must be 30 to 32 degrees Celsius and the temperature to be between 24 and 26 degrees Celsius

in children not use scented soaps or bath foam as it may favor the presence of irritation and dry skin.
Dry skin "pica" and the child are common lesions of scratching and superinfection of the same that may worsen the picture.

glycerin soaps are recommended neutral or oatmeal soaps that have the characteristics of maintaining proper skin hydration.

The shampoo should be hypoallergenic (there are very good at the commercial level) or else use the same soap.

As a matter of practicality the head should be washed prior to washing the body.

The baby is comforted in the water.

Drying the baby should be methodical avoid leaving damp and preferably using soft cotton towels.

some children prone to dry skin should use moisturizers soft brand is the doctor pediatrician or dermatologist who can recommend appropriate for your child.

Using perfumes, lotions and colognes

In daily practice is common to see the interest of the family in the use of lotions or perfumes in children.
do not recommend this practice in young children because it is the high percentage who have reactions to these products.

If used not to place directly on the child's skin, you can try putting a few drops (3 or 4) in the outer clothing should appear but a low skin irritation should be discontinued immediately.
With few apocrine glands do not have small unpleasant odor of sweat and hand on heart, not beautiful natural smell of babies?. Hygiene
Cord

The umbilical cord may be present in the first 2 weeks of life and hygiene are recommended for each diaper change use alcohol swabs to prevent infection, this type of hygiene should be done until about 48 hours after falling.

not the umbilical cord should be kept covered with gauze as this perpetuates the humidity of the area and therefore you challenge the normal drop it.

Hygiene Diaper region

The diaper area is recommended the use of such oil or failing oleocalcáreo common cooking oil.

abuse the use of water in this region favors and if we irritation leading to pee and poop enhance this risk.

hygiene should be from front to back in girls and in this way reduces the risk of urinary tract infections by "dragging bacteria."

areas in the folds (rolls) that abound in an infant should be dried thoroughly with a cotton towel as a place where moisture collects and this in turn fosters the development of diaper dermatitis.

Small in itself to have sensitive skin momentary redness may occur in the area without it being a frank dermatitis, but should note that progress be sure to consult with the professional in charge of monitoring child health.

Regarding the use of diapers are recommended for those with good brands and absorption properties.
Some diapers in some children produce and ????? nrojecimientos in the skin which may not be uncommon to have to try a few brands to find the right one for your baby.

Not all change in the color of the skin in the region is due to a diaper rash so one must be attentive but do not overdo.

ears and Hygiene
nose
use soft cotton swabs can help the health of these areas but only if made in a superficial and external care.

These elements if used in greater depth may cause unnecessary injury to the baby's skin soft.

In short: allowed if used in a soft, superficial and without entering the nostrils or ears.
Scalp Seborrhea

A number of children have these costritas yellowish white on her scalp and eyebrow region.

is so often assumed as normal, tending to disappear spontaneously in the first months of life.

lotion can help with almond oil and then use a cardboard card with patience and gentleness out one by one these flakes.

Other Things ...
Encourage hand washing before food and after the game.

The use of moisturisers in children with dry skin is shown. Emulsions with oats are quite effective and have safety features that make them quite safe.

Educate your children about the importance of proper hygiene to prevent diseases and social contact.

Talk to your doctor about proper hygiene of children.

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benefits of breast milk for the baby

There are many benefits associated with breastfeeding not only in the emotional and physical development of children but also the health of the mother and the rest of the sociedad.Estos benefits, the child will last a lifetime.

1. Benefits for baby
1.1. Emotional benefits

Breastfeeding helps create a bond between mother and child. Physical contact with the mother to a newborn may help you feel more secure.

1.2. Nutritional and growth

- Breast milk is the most complete food for infants.

- Breast milk composition is ideal for baby providing the ideal amount of water, sugars, fat and protein that your baby needs for optimal growth and development. Evita, also, excessive weight gain, which prevents obesity in later life. We have identified a protein (adiponectin) in breast milk appears to protect against obesity, diabetes and coronary artery disease.

- Digestion of human milk is generally better than formula milks.

- premature infants thrive when they are breastfed than when fed with formula.

- Some studies suggest that infants fed breast milk have a higher brain development and greater intelligence than those who are fed formula.

1.3. Immune-related benefits

- Breast milk has antibodies that protect babies against bacteria and viruses. Babies fed with breast milk best fight viral and bacterial infections, but also breast milk inhibits a fungal infection, candida albicans, in newborns. This fungus frequently causes inflammation of the mouth (thrush) and in the diaper area.

addition, there is less risk infections (particularly gastrointestinal) that can occur in children formula fed by improper handling and hygiene of bottles and teats.

- Breastfeeding appears to reduce the risk of allergies. The continuation of breastfeeding until at least four months protects against asthma and atopy.

- Studies have shown that the immune response in vaccination is better in breastfed infants.

1.4. Benefits to chronic

Multiple studies suggest that breastfed infants may have lower incidence of chronic diseases like diabetes, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease and asthma.

1.5. Dental Benefits

- Breastfeeding helps the smooth running of the facial muscles and jaw bones of the baby. When output is produced milk teeth or primary teeth, the muscles of the face, tongue and the shape of the jaws play an important role in the position of permanent teeth, although they appear in the mouth only several years later.

- Prevent baby bottle tooth decay. They are very destructive caries are caused by prolonged contact of the baby's teeth with liquid from a bottle, milk or juice.
2. Benefits for the mother

2.1. Emotional benefits

- Breastfeeding mothers may have more confidence and greater union with their babies.

- Breastfeeding mothers require spend some quiet time for themselves and their babies.

2.2. physical benefits

- Breast-feeding mother spends calories, making it easier to lose the kilos gained during pregnancy.

- Breastfeeding also helps the uterus return to its original size. It also decreases bleeding that may occur in the postpartum woman.

- Mother breastfeeding delays the onset of normal ovulation and menstrual cycles.

- Breastfeeding reduces the risk of breast cancer and may decrease the risk of ovarian cancer.

- The nursing mothers are less likely to develop rheumatoid arthritis than women who do not breastfeed their children, according to a study by a team of Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston (USA) published in Arthritis and Rheumatism 2004; 50:3458-3467

2.3. Other major benefits

Breast milk is always ready. It is clean and in the best conditions of freshness. Also, in the best packaging (not to be sterilizable, awards and tributes or prepare), with the best nipple (the most adaptable, perfect consistency, not broken by suckles the baby swallows less air than the best of the teats).

addition, the temperature is always ideal and the ideal composition for each time of day for each day (we know that its composition varies depending on time of day, the time course of small and even the season).

3. Economic benefits

Breastfeeding saves time and money. The mother did not have to buy milk which saves money and time. Also, do not have to measure, mix and heat the formula. Nor has to wash and sterilize bottles and teats.

4. Social benefits

- Reduces health care costs because breastfed infants generally made fewer visits to the pediatrician, use less medication and require fewer hospitalizations.

- Businesses benefit because breastfeeding mothers miss less work because their babies get sick less often.

- Breastfeeding is best for the environment because they produce less plastic waste and garbage generated by artificial milk containers.

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breast surgery and breast

Today there is a large increase in breast surgery for cosmetic purposes, and even younger ages.

problems may occur related to breastfeeding in these cases, which we consider important to give information.

The most common breast surgeries are

Implant Placement
• 
  

Breast Reduction Implant Placement breastfeeding is not contraindicated, there is evidence that silicone implants do not present danger to the baby.

women with implants may experience greater stress and insufficient production of breast milk was higher if the incision is periareolar.

Exclusive breastfeeding is possible in this case whether it is constant.

reduction surgery in the feeding opportunities depend on the type of surgical technique. In general, exclusive breastfeeding is more difficult to be necessary in most cases the use of complement (infant formula).

We suggest: Make

• prenatal breast exam Perform
  

Learn about breastfeeding in these conditions and their probable complications.

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milk extraction

For working moms, it is essential to know that it is possible to express milk and store it. And for those who do not work, it is also important because they never needed to unforeseen forces us to separate a few hours of our baby, and so quiet we can go knowing that just get your food.

is also useful in the early weeks after childbirth, to relieve congestion of the breasts, or when the baby is premature or hospitalized. Or it may happen that the mother must take medicine for a while or undergo surgery, and in these cases have stored milk is very useful, and while we draw, we maintain milk production.

first thing to do is anticipate the situation, and start practicing maneuvers early removal of the milk to be "canchera" when the time comes, and to avoid certain contingencies.

For some moms it is easier to express milk by hand. If this is your case, there are some things you should know:

• Wash hands thoroughly before starting.
• Gently massage the breasts to stimulate let-down of milk (can also be after a warm shower or apply warm cloths for a few minutes.)
• Take the chest with the hand, placing your thumb above the areola (the colored area around the nipple) and the other fingers underneath, as forming a letter "C".
• fingers thrusting into the body and try to put together the thumb and forefinger. Repeat this move rhythmically.
• Change this position to empty all ducts rotating fingers.
  

think fondly on the baby, look at a picture if it's not close, it helps to initiate a reflection of letdown, especially if the baby is premature and can not have much skin to skin contact. A clothes with your scent, or a Teddy in his crib that we can be of great help.

Other moms find it easier to use manual pump, readily available in pharmacies and baby businesses. To use, follow steps 1 and 2 as well as for manual removal.

pump pumps are also available, that can be purchased or rented and facilitate the extraction well for moms who are the other methods are difficult.

Once we find a suitable method for us, it is important to find a time of day that we feel comfortable to do and where we have good milk. For example, late in the afternoon are usually not a good time because most of them mothers milk production decreases.

need to know how much milk our baby, we store in small containers, and keep trying each time to get an idea of \u200b\u200bhow our baby consumed at each feeding.

When it's time to go to work, the last thing you do before opening the door will wake the baby to nurse. And in return, the first thing we do is nurse the baby back. If the baby is bigger and the doctor authorizes it, the caregiver can "entertain" with other food until we get to avoid the use of bottles.

For us, everything depends on the type of work we do, and the hours we'll be away from home. Ideally you to express milk at work to avoid congestion of the breasts, and to maintain milk production. If you have a fridge in the office or in a neighboring business, we maintain the same milk for feeding the baby the next day. IF there is no such possibility, we must discard.

An interesting fact: In our country, Article 179 of the Contracts Act, Working Paper No. 20744 states that "the mother of the infant may have two half hour breaks to breastfeed her child in the course of the day job. " Enforces this law, and respect yourself that time for yourself.

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Information About Premature Babies

all is considered premature baby born before 37 weeks gestational age (time of pregnancy).

controls during pregnancy, the doctor asks the mother's last menstrual date. When the mother is known with certainty, this is the most accurate data of gestational age.

can be accompanied by ultrasound in early pregnancy, and the data of measurements of abdominal growth.
words, with these simple facts of birth control, family and physicians can know the date from which the baby should be born. Attention



Within premature infants can differentiate the large, ie greater than 34 weeks, weighing close to 2 kg, which may require special neonatal controls, but have excellent potential as they are often mature enough to live outside the womb. Many

may be with the mother a few hours after birth.

Minors or 34 weeks requiring hospitalization in neonatal intensive care, and the greater retention in the lower age.

Premature infants of 25 to 28 weeks usually require 2 or 3 months of hospitalization.

Under 30 weeks and weighing less than 1000 grams are at high risk of losing their lives, the more the less specialized the neonatal center at birth. Why

born before?

There is no single cause.

Some data are at risk, such as teenage pregnancy, poor socioeconomic conditions, hypertension, diabetes, renal diseases, maternal heart or lung disease, infections during pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, uncontrolled pregnancy, fetal malformation.

Some mothers have had children and infants. In other pregnancies, premature birth is an unexpected event.

Be Prevented?

Management of pregnancy is the only measure to detect these problems.

In pregnancies in which preterm labor is triggered without prior suspicion, controls help to know how the baby will be premature if born, what chance is there that is mature, and with that decide whether to stop the pregnancy, neonatal alert and transfer the mother to center with neonatal care. Very Important



Speaking of prevention, premature babies should be born in specialized centers for care.

Transfer to a premature birth after subtracting mean chances of survival.
This is all the more important the lower the gestational age. How

whether it will be premature?

Gynecologists give the family a due date.

If before that date begins with contractions followed or the loss of fluid or blood, you should consult urgently.

gynecologist determine whether it is a threat of premature labor.

can stop preterm labor?

In many cases contractions can be stopped with medication. The more

may be better to delay the maturation of the baby, provided it is not life threatening, his mother or both if he remains in the uterus.

Mothers should receive as much as possible 48 hours of steroids, which accelerate the baby's lung maturity and reduce many complications.

Stop premature birth can also transfer the mother to the best possible center with neonatal care. What problems

gives the baby born prematurely?

again depends on the gestational age.

The breath itself is the first problem, the product mainly of immature lungs that may require minimum oxygen from halo, to artificial respiration.

This problem is much less when the mother of a child of 34 weeks received corticosteroids.

overcome the problem of breathing (if you have), the infants aged 34 weeks are pretty well.

Children this age are faced with the immaturity of all body organs.

Every family should be informed about the possibility of survival and complications in each center, after neonatologists looked at your baby.

Source: zonapediatrica.com

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Bullying also called bullyng

bullying, also known as bullyng covers various situations of aggression and bullying among classmates.

bullyng comes from Bully (Bully in English), in recent times the media reporting on serious cases that cause serious emotional disorders, injuries and even deaths.

this situation is a priority commitment to education authorities, health and of course the families to contain and limit this serious problem that periodically affects thousands of children and young people in a not so silent.

Bullying is not the heritage of a social group. It's commonly found in affluent school classes and children and young people with fewer resources.

Bullying is divided into two categories:

• direct Harassment: is the most common among children. Fighting and physical assault. Harassment
• indirect: is more common among girls and in general from preadolescence.
  

claim is characterized by social isolation of the individual. This isolation is accomplished by various techniques including: spreading rumors, social reject contact with the victim, threaten your friends, critics of the person referring to their physical traits, social group, dress, religion, race, disability, etc.. Forms

bullying among

• Speech such as insults, name-calling, speak ill of anyone, rumors, nasty comments, etc. Psychological
• threats to accomplish something of the victim, to exercise power over her. Physical aggression
• fights, beatings, small actions but exert negligible presiónsobre the individual to be repeatedly, petty theft.
• social isolation, marginalization, ignoring their presence and not counting with his / her normal activities with friends or classmates.

Conditions for Bullying

• The attacks occur on the same person (victim) repeatedly and for a long time.
• The attacker establishes a relationship of dominance-submission of the victim. There is a clear imbalance of power between the aggressor and the victim.
• Aggression is a pain not only at the time of the attack, but steadily, since it creates the expectation in the victim can be targeted for future attacks.

not all aggressive or conflicts that arise in a group can be considered harassment or abuse. The problems of coexistence, if
are solved properly contribute to the development of social skills.

The purpose of bullying is often a single student. You can exercise alone or in groups but are intimidated specific subjects. Never be intimidated by this group.

Who participates?

addition of the aggressor and the victim must include classmates, professors / teachers / school staff and parents.

all, one way or another, play a role in this situation of harassment.

Source: zonapediatrica.com