How Many Degrees Steak

Sunday, May 1, 2011

How Many Degrees Steak

1 May: Labour Day

International Workers Day

The Fourth State of Giuseppe

Pellizza Volpedo The

International Workers Day or

May Day is the feast of quintessential

the world labor movement.

Since its establishment in most countries (though considering holiday was delayed in many cases) by agreement of the Socialist Workers' Congress of the Second International

, held in Paris in

1889, is a journey of struggle and to honor the Martyrs of Chicago

. These unionists anarchists were executed in U.S. for their participation in the days of struggle for the achievement of the eight-hour workday, which originated in

strike began on May 1

of 1886 and its peak three days later, on May 4 in Haymarket Revolt. Today is a feast of fight for workers rights in general, is celebrated in many countries. Interestingly, in the United States do not celebrate this anniversary. Instead it celebrates Labor Day the first Monday of September since 1882 in a parade held in New York organized by the Noble Order of the Knights of Labor ( Knights of Labor, English). President Grover Cleveland , hosted the celebration in September for fear that the May date would strengthen the socialist movement

in the United States.

Manifestation May Day in Paris History Main article: Haymarket Riot

The events that led to this conclusion are contextualised in the dawn of the industrial revolution

in the United States. In the late nineteenth century Chicago

was the second city in population in U.S. West and Southeast rail arriving each year thousands of farmers jobless, creating the first humble villas that would house hundreds of thousands of workers. Furthermore, these urban centers welcomed migrants from around the world throughout the nineteenth century

The claim of the working day of 8 hours

One of the basic demands of the workers was the 8-hour day. Enforcing maximum: "eight hours for work, eight hours for sleep and eight hours for home." In this context there were several movements in 1829

formed a movement to ask the New York legislature

the eight-hour day. Previously there was a law forbidding work more than 18 hours, except if necessary . If there was such a need, any officer of a railroad company that would have forced a driver and stokers working days of 18 hours must pay a fine of 25 U.S. dollars .

Most workers were members of the

Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

, but greater emphasis was

the American Federation of Labor

(American Federation of Labor), initially socialist (some sources say the anarchist origin). In its fourth congress, held October 17 of 1884, it ruled that since the May 1 1886

of the legal duration of the workday should be eight hours going to strike if this claim were not made and recommended to all labor unions consider doing enact laws to that effect in their jurisdictions. This decision aroused the interest of organizations, who saw the chance of getting more jobs in the eight hours, reducing unemployment. In 1886, President Andrew Johnson issued a call Ingersoll Law, establishing the eight-hour day. Soon, nineteen states passed laws to daily maximum of eight to ten hours (but always with clauses that allow increase it to 14 to 18 hours). However, due to lack of compliance with the Act Ingersoll, labor organizations and trade unions in U.S. mobilized. The press termed the move as "outrageous and disrespectful '," delusions of lunatics unpatriotic "and stating that it was" the same as asking to be paid a salary without matching working hour. "

May Day demonstration in Paris The strike call The "Noble Order of the Knights of Labor (the main organization of workers in the U.S.) sent a circular to all adhering organizations which stated: "No worker attached to this plant should go on strike on 1 May and we have not given any order to that effect ." This statement was flatly rejected by all U.S. workers and Canada , who repudiated the leadership of the Noble Order of the labor movement as traitors.

In the Press the day before the strike, the

April 29, 1886, could read: " addition to the eight hours, workers will demand all they can suggest the craziest

anarcho-socialist

. "

The New York Times

said: " strikes to enforce eight hours can do much to cripple our industry, reduce trade and curb the resurgent prosperity of our nation, but not achieve their objective." The Philadelphia Telegram said: " The work component has been bitten by a tarantula species universal and has become lunatic, just think right now in a strike by achieving eight hours

system." The Indianapolis Journal said: "

street parades, red flags, the fiery speeches of thieves and demagogues who live off the taxes of honest men but deceived, strikes and threats of violence, say movement initiation. " On 1 May, the strike May Day demonstration in Barcelona (2008 years). On 1 May 1886, 200,000 workers went on strike while another 200,000 got this achievement with the mere threat of unemployment.

in Chicago where workers' conditions were much worse than in other cities followed demonstrations on 2 and 3 May. The only factory that was working machinery factory McCormick farm was on strike since Feb. 16 because the workers wanted to deduct an amount for the construction of a church. The production base is kept

scabs. On day 2, the police violently dispersed a demonstration of more than 50,000 people and was held on 3 concentration in front of their doors, when I was in the stands the anarchist August Spies

siren rang out a round of strike breakers. The concentrates were released on

Scabs (yellow) starting a fight pitched. A company of police, without warning, proceeded to shoot at close range on people producing 6 dead and dozens injured.

editor of Arbeiter Zeitung

Fischer ran his newspaper where he wrote a proclamation (which is then used as the main evidence against the accused at the trial that led to the gallows) printing 25,000 leaflets

. The proclamation said

Workers: the class war has begun. Yesterday, in front of the McCormick factory, workers were shot. His blood want revenge! Who can doubt now that the jackals who govern us are hungry for blood work? But workers are not a flock of sheep. Al white terror respond to the red terror! Death is preferable to the misery.

shoots

If workers respond in a way that the masters will remember for a long time. is the need that we cry, To arms!.

Yesterday, women and children of the poor were crying for their husbands and their parents were shot, while in the palaces of the rich wine glasses were filled with expensive and drank to the health of the bandits of the order. ..

Secad your tears, those who suffer!

Have courage, slaves! Arise!.

The proclamation ended a protest calling for the next day, the four, at four pm in Haymarket Square. It got permission from Mayor Harrison for an act to 19.30 at Haymarket Park. The events that happened there are known as Haymarket Revolt

The Haymarket Riot

Main article: Haymarket Riot

were concentrated in the Haymarket Square more than 20,000 people who were suppressed by 180 uniformed police officers. A bomb exploded among the police resulting in a death and several injuries. Police opened fire on the crowd killing and wounding an unknown number of workers.

was declared siege and curfew

arresting hundreds of workers who were beaten and tortured, accused of killing police.

May Day Demonstration in Eibar, Guipúzcoa

Basque Country (Spain

) (1978).

These repressive actions were supported by a press campaign with quotes such as: What better

suspected that the top brass of the anarchists
. A brutes hanging murderers, ruffians red communist

, bloodthirsty monsters, bomb makers, rabble that are not nothing but the lag Europe who sought our shores to abuse our hospitality and challenge the authority of our nation, and that in all these years have done nothing but proclaim doctrines seditious and dangerous! The Press claimed a summary trial by the Supreme Court and blaming eight anarchists and all the prominent figures of the labor movement. The

June 21, 1886, was initiated because against 31 perpetrators, who were then at 8. The irregularities in the trial were violated all the rules many procedural and substantive, so that has come to be regarded as a sham trial. The courts were convicted. Three of them were sentenced to prison and five on the gallows. Prison

Samuel Fielden, English , 39, pastor Methodist

and textile worker, sentenced to life imprisonment. Oscar

Neebe

Michael Schwab,

, sentenced to life imprisonment.
The November 11 1887 of execution was consummated:

Georg Engel, German, 50, a printer.

Albert Parsons, U.S., 39, journalist, husband of Lucy González Parsons Mexican tested but was not present at the scene, turned to be with their peers and judged equally.

August Vincent Theodore Spies, German, 31, journalist.
Louis Lingg, German, 22, carpenter not to be executed committed suicide in his cell.
Story of execution José Martí, Chicago correspondent of the newspaper La Nación
of
Buenos Aires (Argentina ):

The Crime of Chicago took the lives of many workers and union leaders : there is no exact number, but were thousands of fired, arrested, tried, shot or tortured. Most were immigrants: Italian

, English, German , Irish, Russian ,

Poles and other Slavs

countries.

Achieving the eight-hour workday

late May 1886 various sectors employers agreed to grant the day of 8 hours to several hundreds of thousands of workers. The success was such that the Federation of Organized Trades and Unions expressed their joy in these words: "Never in the history of this country has been a general uprising among the masses as industrial. The desire for a reduction in working hours has led to millions of workers to join existing organizations, when so far had remained indifferent to the agitation of association ". Achieving 8-hour day marked a turning point in the world labor movement. Frederick Engels himself in the preface to the German edition of 1890

The Communist Manifesto says:

Well today when I write these lines, the proletariat of Europe and Latin reviews their forces mobilized for the first time in a single army, under one flag and one immediate goal: the legal establishment of the normal eight-hour day, and in 1866 proclaimed the International Congress held in Geneva and again in 1889 by the Paris Workers' Congress. Today's show demonstrate to the capitalists and landlords of all countries, in effect, the proletarians of all countries are united. ! Oh, if Marx had at my side to see for yourself!

2 3

Today

^{May Day Demonstration in} Bombay (India

) (2004). The banner text reads "Long live May Day."

Throughout the twentieth century

, progress were increasing labor laws for workers, giving them rights to respect, remuneration and social protection. In the last ten years this progress fell under the influence of neoliberalism